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WW II Bunkers

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi,

I went out to shoot this afternoon as I have been itching to do so. So I've visited a nearby town where there a couple of WW II bunkers which are open to public. I've come back with some acceptable compositions and I've processed the pictures in a quick and dirty manner. Right now I want to share these 4 even though I shall possibly re-process them at a later stage. Your C&C will be much appreciated, as usual.


f31222.jpg




f31296.jpg




f31361.jpg




f31333.jpg


Cheers,
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi Will,
I love it!

Have you considered shooting a model in the locations?
Honestly, I did not consider shooting a model there but it is indeed a great idea. As a matter of fact, there were two wedding photographers and bride-groom pairs shooting around the bunkers when I was there. I'll see if I can find a model to test the waters. Thanks for the suggestion.

Cheers,
 
Hi,

Very interesting pictures with, as usual, an excellent exposition.
Maybe you should have removed plastic bottles and other trashes before you shoot ?
For instance, on first and last pics, my eyes are disturbed by such details...

Regards,

Cedric.
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi,

Very interesting pictures with, as usual, an excellent exposition.
Maybe you should have removed plastic bottles and other trashes before you shoot ?
For instance, on first and last pics, my eyes are disturbed by such details...

Regards,

Cedric.
Thank you Cedric. Re. the removal of items, you would get a flame war in your hands if you would suggest this to an urban exploration fanatic, LoL. As you may know their motto is: "remove/change nothing, leave nothing but footprints". I try to observe this principle as much as possible but I am not a fanatic and I would be willing to adjust a few things in the post processing. In this particular situation, although I understand where you are coming from, I personally don't mind the litter as much. :)

Cheers,
 

Asher Kelman

OPF Owner/Editor-in-Chief
Hi,

I went out to shoot this afternoon as I have been itching to do so. So I've visited a nearby town where there a couple of WW II bunkers which are open to public. I've come back with some acceptable compositions and I've processed the pictures in a quick and dirty manner. Right now I want to share these 4 even though I shall possibly re-process them at a later stage. Your C&C will be much appreciated, as usual.


Cem,

Thanks once again for having us travel with you on your remarkable journey to make pictures that will last. Once again you have chosen a new facet of your ongoing interest in connections of spaces and conditions of humanity though physical openings and barriers.


f31222.jpg




f31296.jpg




f31361.jpg




f31333.jpg



These all need an exploration of the effects of restricting the lighting distribution. Remember, this was a time when, once again, the animal brutality of man overcame decency and the lights went out in Europe and people were brutalized and slaughtered. Where was hope in these dark spaces? One cannot simply show these pictures as well lit spaces.

As for the debris, I'd take them as is and then meticulously remove it all, out of respect to the folk that lost their youth and even lives there.

The debris itself would be interesting to photograph outside as a testament to our own trivializing behavior.



Ironic!


Asher
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
I am going to wrap up this series with the following images:


f31378.jpg




f31406.jpg





And finally, here is a context shot showing one of the bunkers. Thanks for looking.
f31414.jpg

Cheers,
 

John Angulat

pro member
Hi Cem,
Wonderfully done, wonderfully presented!
I knew (actually hoped) if I waited to comment there would be more to come.
I really like Will's suggestion to consider shooting a model within these spaces.
I bet you'd come up with some really edgy images.
 

Asher Kelman

OPF Owner/Editor-in-Chief
I am going to wrap up this series with the following images:

"Wrap up"? Nah! I doubt that you can do that so fast! This is such a rich beginning! You have covered a substantial amount of material in a few pictures. You obviously are reproducing for us exactly what you saw. But is that enough, just a clinical or forensic report of what anyone else would have seen that day with you? I think not! But why would what you have carefully produced come up short? It's because you know of the sacrifices the young boys made, of the decisions by the central government to place men in these bunkers as the first line of defense to absorb the shock of the Werhmacht invasion machine, knowing that to a man these folk might be sacrificed by the time that the defensive forces arrived to push back the invaders. You would know of the meaning of the concrete walls to the folk in the inside as it was the last things on earth they saw.

So the question is this. Do you want to show what everyone else shows? To a considerable extent, that is defined by the designers of the camera and lens, once you point the camera. Or, do you use you own libraries of experience? After all, you are no naive and innocent tourist! Consider who you are: the master of a collection of images spanning centuries of prayer, meditation, daily life, the arts and now war. I urge you to bring this to these pictures, you have chosen for us, and do it perhaps by relighting. It's to this end that my critique is directed. At least this provides another way of looking at your pictures.

But, of course, however much I might seem to strongly promote my own ideas, they are merely that and of little consequence if they don't fit your needs.


f31378.jpg


As Mark aptly points out, this works well immediately and is very satisfying. I wonder whether there's more detail to define in the rock that forms the floor of the opening. Looks like some interesting symbols to bring out. Also I'm wondering that you might lighten the entire inside wall of the opening and then just enough of the flat wall f there's any detail worth revealing.



f31406.jpg


These steps work with the daylight opening. What we see outside is hardly inspiring or even boring. Maybe replace what's there with a bright glow braking out and nothing at all discernible of the outside. After all, there's not enough there defined as it is, so why not extend that to utter obscurity and mysterious brightness. Then that space works for the picture.



And finally, here is a context shot showing one of the bunkers. Thanks for looking.


f31414.jpg


This composition works so well, showing how the concrete fits into the landscape. My touch, a rim of brighter light skimming the edges of the concrete, might be "over the top".


You have a treasure of files here which have so many possible ways of making into your final presentation. You must have even more, many more. Thanks for selecting these for us. I have the strongest belief that the final finish of these depends on your possible choices in relighting. Not anyone can point the camera to get these images, but one can go further. That's where the fingerprints really get laid down.

Asher
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi John,
..
Wonderfully done, wonderfully presented!
I knew (actually hoped) if I waited to comment there would be more to come.
I really like Will's suggestion to consider shooting a model within these spaces.
I bet you'd come up with some really edgy images.
Thanks for your kind comments. As I wrote back to Will above, it is a very good idea to shoot models there. An experienced model shooter would have a ball there, definitely!

But, I am not a photographer who shoots scenes which are created. I only photograph things the way they are albeit a landscape or city life or even portraits. Of course I choose my perspective and composition carefully, I seek out the best available light and the moment of capture; in order to create a picture with a message. But directing a shoot and putting things into scene as in studio photography is not my thing. It is a matter of style/preference as can be seen in all my pictures so far. Perhaps we should ask Frank Doorhof if he would be interested in shooting there. I am sure he would deliver fantastic pictures.

Cheers,
 
What I love most in all these it's the hint of green (might be moss or lichen) they are sometimes a bit tune down, and what I'd do if they were mine would be increase the green saturation and decrease the rest... For the rest nice location for model shooting, I can see that at night with some torches or bonfire (but sounds like a bit goth) Of course in that case the green is not relevant.
 
"Wrap up"? Nah! I doubt that you can do that so fast! This is such a rich beginning! You have covered a substantial amount of material in a few pictures. You obviously are reproducing for us exactly what you saw. But is that enough, just a clinical or forensic report of what anyone else would have seen that day with you?

Ha, Asher, I'm afraid you got tricked by Cem's skills! What may look as a clinical report of what was there to be seen for everybody, is exactly the opposite. Only few people have the capabilities to even see the carefully chosen views, no matter how long they would have roamed the site. What's more, it took considerable postprocessing skills and artistic insight to create the meticulouly cropped and tonemapped results from these challenging lighting conditions. I happen to know this because Cem and I have discussed possible renderings of some of the images on the phone, as they were being created.

I think not! But why would what you have carefully produced come up short? It's because you know of the sacrifices the young boys made, of the decisions by the central government to place men in these bunkers as the first line of defense to absorb the shock of the Werhmacht invasion machine, knowing that to a man these folk might be sacrificed by the time that the defensive forces arrived to push back the invaders. You would know of the meaning of the concrete walls to the folk in the inside as it was the last things on earth they saw.

Again, this is part of the crafted (!) strength of these images, IMHO of course.. They leave enough room for personal interpretation, they are not leading to a single possible outcome. Some see the image as a composition of light, shapes, and material structure, others pick up the deliberate subliminal 'light at the end of the tunnel' suggestion, yet others visualize the war sufferings and hear the associated sound and smells. They are all correct, the images offer it all. I would compare (alway inadequate) it to the difference between quality suggestive glamour photography on the one side, and porn on the other. Imagination that tickles all senses and un-imaginative vulgar depiction.

But, of course, however much I might seem to strongly promote my own ideas, they are merely that and of little consequence if they don't fit your needs.

I'm sure Cem values the feedback, but I'm also pretty sure he was very deliberate in what he produced. Cem and I have shot a few sessions together in the past, and it's funny how similar our appreciations of composition and light are.

Cheers,
Bart
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi Asher,

Firstly, let me tell you how much I appreciate the time and effort you put into analyzing and critiquing our pictures. Your C&C is an incredible source of information for all of us. Thank you so much for doing this; not only for me but for all OPFers.

Perhaps I should provide you with some background info first about the reason of existence of these pictures and some technical highlights since it is relevant to why I did things in a certain way.
I went to shoot last Friday with the following objectives in my mind:
1) I wanted to shoot pictures which could eventually be a part of my portals portfolio.
2) The pictures had to be as simple as possible but no simpler than that.
3) As usual, the elements of time, choices and mystery all had to be present: The pictures should make the lookers think/feel something.

While considering the possible locations for the impromptu shoot, I've realized that this particular location would be perfect. I have been there many times before and I know the situation rather well. I even did shoots there in the past; film as well as digital. This was an advantage as I did not want to lose a lot of time surveying a new location first. Also, I wanted to utilize the potential of my TSE 24mm II lens, which is the ideal lens to not only keep the verticals straight but also to deal with the focusing challenges. The DoF required and shooting in such close quarters could be a problem for a non T/S lens.

The chambers were all lit by some natural light seeping in through openings or windows; I have used no artificial lighting. Due to the fact that it was bright sunlight outside and very dark in some of the chambers, the pictures had to cover a huge dynamic range. This meant that all the pictures (except for the final context shoot of the bunker) are actually bracketed exposures varying from 5 to 9 brackets each (1EV apart). I have taken extreme precautions in creating a natural looking tone mapping (using SNS-HDR); in order to prevent the much dreaded HDR look. I take pride in the fact that nobody as yet has referred to the pictures as being HDR which means that I have achieved natural looking results as I intended to.

I have taken only 11 pictures during the shoot, 9 of them according to the goals I have stipulated above and 2 context shots just to show the environment) . It is a lot of hard and time consuming work finding the precise composition which speaks to you, then setting up the camera on a tripod and fiddling with the T/S settings and finally evaluating the exposure and taking the required brackets. In some cases, additional shifting/bracketing had to be done so that I could flat stitch later. Knowing the location and knowing my own goals, I could limit the number of pictures to an absolute minimum and focus on getting the ones I took right in one go. Eventually, I was extremely happy to realize that I have ended up with some 6-7 good pictures out of the 9 I took. Whether some of these can be classified as more than good remains to be seen. As I wrote in my initial post, I have processed these right after the shoot and I am certain that I shall change a few things in a few months' time when I revisit the pictures.

....These all need an exploration of the effects of restricting the lighting distribution. Remember, this was a time when, once again, the animal brutality of man overcame decency and the lights went out in Europe and people were brutalized and slaughtered. Where was hope in these dark spaces? One cannot simply show these pictures as well lit spaces.
As for the debris, I'd take them as is and then meticulously remove it all, out of respect to the folk that lost their youth and even lives there.
It was extremely difficult to get the lighting looking natural. I personally think that I did a good job in observing the relative tonalities of various parts of the image with respect to each other. When doing tone mapping, one can inadvertently generate areas with wrong levels of luminosity although the spontaneous contrast can look right. A while back there was a discussion in OPF with some example images. So yes, the light distribution can be improved but I fear not by much. I can of course make the brightness lower in some of the pictures and burn/dodge some parts here and there. However, the lighting of the pictures as presented is pretty much according to my personal vision at this moment. After all, this is not an experimental accident but a deliberate result achieved by conscious effort on my part.

Re. the removal of debris, I think I have answered above to Cedric and later to John why I won't even consider moving things around let alone remove them. I don't feel the obligation of expressing a respect to the folk that lost their youth or lives in there in my pictures. Needless to say, I respect all that as a person, I just want to make clear that these pictures are not created for that particular purpose. I have written to you in my "A day at the beach" thread that I don't think it is my job as the artist to show both sides of the medallion with my photography. I am by definition subjective and I create a product which should fit into the creative vision/reasons I have at that moment.

"Wrap up"? Nah! I doubt that you can do that so fast! This is such a rich beginning! You have covered a substantial amount of material in a few pictures. You obviously are reproducing for us exactly what you saw. But is that enough, just a clinical or forensic report of what anyone else would have seen that day with you? I think not! But why would what you have carefully produced come up short? It's because you know of the sacrifices the young boys made, of the decisions by the central government to place men in these bunkers as the first line of defense to absorb the shock of the Werhmacht invasion machine, knowing that to a man these folk might be sacrificed by the time that the defensive forces arrived to push back the invaders. You would know of the meaning of the concrete walls to the folk in the inside as it was the last things on earth they saw.
With "wrap up" I meant that there were no more pictures of this shoot to show. Of course I will do some adjustments in the post processing going forward. When you say that I am reproducing for you what exactly I saw, you are making an assumption. It would be a right one had you said that I was reproducing what I saw in my mind. I should admit that If these pictures are seen as merely clinical or forensic reports which apparently come up short, then I have totally screwed things up. The sacrifices made in these locations should make no difference as to what an unknowing looker should feel about these images. The picture should stand on its own without an explanation of the context and history.
BTW, these are bunkers built by the Germans to keep the Allied forces at bay, not the other way around.

So the question is this. Do you want to show what everyone else shows? To a considerable extent, that is defined by the designers of the camera and lens, once you point the camera. Or, do you use you own libraries of experience? After all, you are no naive and innocent tourist! Consider who you are: the master of a collection of images spanning centuries of prayer, meditation, daily life, the arts and now war. I urge you to bring this to these pictures, you have chosen for us, and do it perhaps by relighting. It's to this end that my critique is directed. At least this provides another way of looking at your pictures.
I was hoping that the pictures would have answered this question. If you think that everyone else with a camera could make these pictures by pointing and clicking, I think that I have achieved my objective of making simple pictures after all.

...As Mark aptly points out, this works well immediately and is very satisfying. I wonder whether there's more detail to define in the rock that forms the floor of the opening. Looks like some interesting symbols to bring out. Also I'm wondering that you might lighten the entire inside wall of the opening and then just enough of the flat wall f there's any detail worth revealing.
The "floor" is not a floor but the window sill. Your idea is good but if I would make the sill much darker than I will disturb the balance of the natural light and move in the direction of unnatural HDR. I know because I have tried it myself already. The same goes for the wall framing the window. But I will certainly do some more pp work on it at a later stage.

These steps work with the daylight opening. What we see outside is hardly inspiring or even boring. Maybe replace what's there with a bright glow braking out and nothing at all discernible of the outside. After all, there's not enough there defined as it is, so why not extend that to utter obscurity and mysterious brightness. Then that space works for the picture.
This particular picture is not one of my selects but I have decided to show it for the context. It shows where the artillery have stood. The curving "steps" are actually the remains of the tracks which made swiveling the turret possible. And you are right about the issue of the daylight opening. Even after shooting 7 brackets at 1EV steps, I could not get a decent result out of this.

You have a treasure of files here which have so many possible ways of making into your final presentation. You must have even more, many more. Thanks for selecting these for us. I have the strongest belief that the final finish of these depends on your possible choices in relighting. Not anyone can point the camera to get these images, but one can go further. That's where the fingerprints really get laid down.
Well, unfortunately I don't have much more than this. Selecting was for once not a big problem, lol. Thanks again for your valuable C&C, I am certainly learning from it.

Cheers,
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi Bart,

I just saw that you have posted while I was busy composing a longish post myself along the same lines. Thank you very much for taking your time, really appreciated :).

Cheers,
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
What I love most in all these it's the hint of green (might be moss or lichen) they are sometimes a bit tune down, and what I'd do if they were mine would be increase the green saturation and decrease the rest... For the rest nice location for model shooting, I can see that at night with some torches or bonfire (but sounds like a bit goth) Of course in that case the green is not relevant.
Hi Sandrine,

Thanks a lot for chiming in :). The green were either moss, lichen or creeping plants on the walls. The one's on the floor is duckweed growing in the layer of water which has flooded the rooms. Coincidentally, I have ended up desaturating the greens a bit as it was too prominent to my liking, lol.

Cheers,
 
Hi Sandrine,

Thanks a lot for chiming in :). The green were either moss, lichen or creeping plants on the walls. The one's on the floor is duckweed growing in the layer of water which has flooded the rooms. Coincidentally, I have ended up desaturating the greens a bit as it was too prominent to my liking, lol.

Cheers,
.

My feelings are always driven by the "nature reinvesting the desolated areas" visions, that's why...But I'll be honest I just finished to read all the comments and also your interpretation explained in many lines above, after posting my 2 cents...So now I know about your intent. So the torch stuff with model is completely out of your mind as well, I suppose.
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
. My feelings are always driven by the "nature reinvesting the desolated areas" visions, that's why...But I'll be honest I just finished to read all the comments and also your interpretation explained in many lines above, after posting my 2 cents...So now I know about your intent. So the torch stuff with model is completely out of your mind as well, I suppose.
:)))

Cheers,
 

Asher Kelman

OPF Owner/Editor-in-Chief
Cem and Bart,

I have to address both of you co-conspirators together, LOL as I'm guilty of missing entirely and thus overlooking all the effort that went into the work and all the discussions and friendly support that buttressed this substantial set of new images made by Cem.

Still, let's look how they were introduced to us

Cem_Usakligil said:
I went out to shoot this afternoon as I have been itching to do so. So I've visited a nearby town where they’re a couple of WW II bunkers which are open to public. I've come back with some acceptable compositions and I've processed the pictures in a quick and dirty manner. Right now I want to share these 4 even though I shall possibly re-process them at a later stage. Your C&C will be much appreciated, as usual.

Ha, Asher, I'm afraid you got tricked by Cem's skills! What may look as a clinical report of what was there to be seen for everybody, is exactly the opposite.

How true!

Only few people have the capabilities to even see the carefully chosen views, no matter how long they would have roamed the site.

Again likely true too!

What's more, it took considerable post processing skills and artistic insight to create the meticulously cropped and tone mapped results from these challenging lighting conditions. I happen to know this because Cem and I have discussed possible renderings of some of the images on the phone, as they were being created.

So here's the issue for me. The pictures show no annoyances of HDR. They appear to be well-planned pictures made one after the other passing through the bunkers effortlessly by a well-disciplined and experienced photographer. There's no sense of falsity in what we experience. So given Cem's introduction that these were "quick and dirty" preps just to get the pics to us, it's not surprising, given the skill with which the HDR workmanship is hidden from us, that I am sideswiped and gob-stoppered! That these images were made from up to 9 exposures each is not even hinted at in the first post.

So I just work on what's shown. I personally do not agree that a picture has to stand on its own. A "Crucifixion" or "Madonna & Child" each requires a separate cultural history. They are pretty meaningless on their own, just as an elephant of monkey deity from India or Nepal might be to me. I have almost no background in these icons and so am crippled in approaching art containing either of them. Every single word in language is a metaphor. Each step in appreciating a picture is dependent on culture and education. One cannot appreciate the full depth of significance of a head by Picasso that's based on work of another artist without knowledge of that work too. The idea that works must stand on their own is fine for a nude or flowers but getting beyond the pretty, the seductive and beautiful, we need the context in which the picture operates. In this case, the context is knowing about the bloody horrors of World War II and the Nazi's rape of Europe and also how you, Cem, labored on this set of images even before you set up your tripod in the right places and worked out the number of exposures needed to control the dynamic range.

In this case, knowing that this series of mages represented a substantial devoted and focused effort with only 11 pictures being made is very different from seeing images casually introduced as if they are merely the first iteration of careful snaps of a World War II Bunker, (perhaps on a first visit). In this case, the pictures are not the selected interesting ones from myriads of snaps but rather the result of a planned execution of an artistic vision. This, then is the context of the work.

Now I'd say to myself the following.

1. This is so well done as HDR that the traces are not evident, at least to me.

2. The generally good lighting is a design, (not the result of the little Japanese man inside the camera), and therefore now I must rewind the movie in which I had dialog and rewrite my part. What's shown is hardly unprocessed or "quick and dirty"! So now I have just two choices:

a. to say that you Cem have decided how non-judgmental the lighting should be and the mood is left for us to recreate positively or negatively as we choose and respectfully acknowledge and accept that or else suggest

b. That you, Cem, might be shortchanging your work by being lighting with flat affect making surfaces have equal importance.​

I stick my neck out to argue for the latter. In fact I doubt that I'd even start to imagine relighting the bunkers more sparsely without seeing the pictures as you presented them, after all the extensive, and I must say, to me, surreptitious, taming of the high dynamic range. I feel that your mammoth preparations in SNS-HDR brings you to a stage where you can think freely from a neutral emotional position and now start to restrict what we can easily understand.

Once again, I must humbly admit that my ideas have no importance at all if they cannot stand up in the stage of the Cathedral of your mind. It's only there, where battles can play out for how your imagination is best externalized. It's toward such uproar and jousting that I add my own ideas and prejudices. However, ultimately, after all considerations and evolving of your attitudes, only your feelings matter. So, the end, even if no trace of my own concepts is represented in your presentations, I feel privileged for you to hear them out and perhaps even entertain them.

Asher

BTW, I do not think the bunkers should be considered as just shapes without the history. That the last visions of the defenders were from German eyes is ironic but no less powerful.
 

Kathy Rappaport

pro member
Shooting with intent

Cem,

Recently I took a workshop all about shooting with intent to achieve an end product. Spending as much time or more in planning out the image before taking the photograph. I love how you actually only took a limited amount of images to convey the feeling and depth of the location. I think the debris says much about the location. The natural light contributes to the composition where artifical light would take away the emotion.

I could see you going back perhaps at a different time of day to capture the bunker in a different mood.

As a "people" shooter, I don't think I would want to do a fashion shoot there - no brides, not models. If I were going to take a person there, I would want to take someone who survived the war because that person would give a sense of a real place that also survived the terror of that era.
 

Asher Kelman

OPF Owner/Editor-in-Chief
Cem,

Considering this is HDR the gentle gradient of light is remarkably easy on the eye with no obviously added or pretentious drama. One can see the light composition is close to correct as one has to justify the green plant life on the wall on the left near us.

f31361.jpg

Just lowering the general light level, a tad, would, perhaps, bring the image back into the 1940's. Might you entertain and allow more than a single lighting motif linking your pictures? A version, as you have carefully constructed, even with whatever trash has collected seems now, at least, purposely non-commital. Adding darker worked picture set in also, might deliver a powerful echo and reminder of the bunkers' role in one of the costliest human tragedies in all recorded history.

Asher

BTW, in the repaired cracks om the left wall, I see a man with a gun in front of him leaping from the light behind him towards us! That being so, the walls themselves appear to be reminding us.
 

Cem_Usakligil

Well-known member
Hi Asher,

Cem,

Considering this is HDR the gentle gradient of light is remarkably easy on the eye with no obviously added or pretentious drama.

Here just lowering the general light level would, perhaps bring the image back into the 1940's. So I wonder whether one might consider more than a single lighting motif linking the pictures. One not committal and representing what you saw and one, perhaps revealing what one might think.

Asher
Certainly! I am going to explore those avenues, not only for this picture but also for the others in the coming months. Right now, the shoot is too fresh in my mind and I am biased as you have noticed :). BTW, I am going to reply to your excellent post a bit later. This is just to let you know that I am reading and "processing" eagerly everything you write. Thanks a lot!

Cheers,
 

Martin Evans

New member
Disturbing images to someone of my generation.

I am content that you did not tidy up the plastic bottles and other detritus. To me, these are part of the atmosphere of such a site. You say that the bunker is open to the public. Maybe this accounts for it being relatively free of mess. I am sorry to say that in Britain it would probably stink of faeces and be much more cluttered by rubbish including the evidence of drug taking.

It is good that a few examples of these specimens of brutal functional construction are preserved here and there.

Martin

Martin's comment, here, "Disturbing images to someone of my generation." suggested to me that there's more to learn about these buildings as memorials. So I thought this might be of interest to discuss further on it's own here ADK
 
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Mark Hampton

New member
Cem - one of these buildings is not enough - I found the images that give the context (outside) less engaging than the portal type. More I say!

Cheers,

Mark
 
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